Analysis of Risks From Living Near an Airport Essay

Analysis of Risks From Living Near an Airport - Essay Example Long exposure to emissions from the airport was estimated to have potential cancer, asthma, liver damage, lung disease, lymphoma, myeloid leukemia, and even depression. Different findings were gathered through scientific and anecdotal evidences. Scientific studies were conducted from other location with which associated with same exposure to air pollution are high among residents would also be the same effect once the new airport will be established. According to a website report (2001), "Aircraft noise may increase the risk of high blood pressure and heart disease even among people who live miles from airports, according to a study out today, the highest noise levels were 80 per cent more likely than those from less noisy areas to suffer high blood pressure". In addition, high blood pressure is the risk factor for heart disease due to noised from jets flying in and out. The scientists say that the cause of the effect is likely to be stress. Another factor is air pollutants it can enter the body from different ways, through inhalation, direct ingestion from the contaminated food, water and soil, and absorption through the skin. According to a study " daily exposure to carcinogens provides estimates of risks and hazards that are unlikely to accumulate by adults and children living nearest to the airport .Breathing in large amount of jet fuels or aviation fuels pollution might actually experience higher rate of morbidity and mortality. This pollutant is responsible for over half the population caused by transportations. Different group of people varies level of toxicity due to combustion of aviation fuel. Large group of people aside from the airport staffs are exposed to both aviation fuel and vapors from it if split accidentally, but especially those living near the airport may suffer from toxicity from the products of combustion of aviation fuel. A report from other location was observed that diseases may develop such a s almost 50% higher asthma rate, 26% higher respiratory disease, and almost 50% higher infant mortality rates and also higher genetic diseases. According to The American Heart Association "extra pulmonary effects of pollution has been consistently associated with increased of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality" In addition to this, the study estimated the resulting effects of these airborne pollutants wherein there were 78 chemicals would result cancer risk for people living near the airport "was five times higher than the regional average proving just how dangerous it can be". Specifically aviation fuel is responsible of naphthalene's dangerous effects. This chemical reaction may trigger prolonged or significant eye irritation. Once inhaled symptoms of respiratory irritation may include coughing and difficulty breathing. Based to a Timbrell, John A (2000) "At

Concepts that define financing health care including risk, demand, and Essay

Concepts that define financing health care including risk, demand, and elasticity - Essay Example The whole mechanism in the health sector is a cost share sort of scheme. The consumers who are the patients in this case give the lowest contribution in most government based health centers universally. Conversely, there are a number of risks observed by the health centers and also the patients. One possible financial risk suffered by medical institution is the likelihood of drugs lacking consumption and they end up expiring while on storage if they appear to be expensive to the patients. On the other hand, the patients risk death if they fail to purchase certain drugs or fail to receive certain treatments due to their financial hiccups. An impact of financial risk is severe to the consumers or rather patients in the health sector. Another factor that defines how to finance the health care sector is the demand of the treatments and also the drugs. Demand of services and goods like any other sector of an economy is affected by both the price and quantity of the goods or services among other factors. While financing the health sector, the main factor affecting demand is the necessity of the drug or treatment by the patients followed by the price. This trend in the health sector is less likely to be observed in other markets. Patients will demand for a particular drug or treatment depending on whether it is necessary or not and in most cases the chronic diseases bring the highest demand in their treatment and purchase of their drugs. For instance, diseases like asthma or cancer tend to show high demand for their treatment. Elasticity of a product or a service portrays the responsiveness of either of the two in relation to changes in their prices. In most cases the elasticity is usually negative or less than whereby minimal change in price greatly affects the quantity of product or availability of the service in demand. Free checkups by

Richard Iii And His Bad Reputation English Literature Essay

Richard Iii And His Bad Reputation English Literature Essay Richard III has the bad reputation of being a sinister hunchbacked villain, who was set out for his own gain, killing anybody who got in the way of his power driven craze. This is the main view of early Tudor propagandists and later by playwrights such as William Shakespeare. Although this view had been accepted for many years there has been much debate as to whether Richard deserves this evil reputation. The Richard III Society is dedicated to redeeming Richard III and is keen to point out his high reputation in the North of massive loyalty. The traditional view is that although Richard wasnt as malicious as Tudor propagandists tried to make out, he was most likely responsible for the removal of his two nephews from the royal line. The context in which surrounded Richard gives insight as to the reputation Richard deserves, by comparing his actions to previous successors. The power struggle between the Lancastrians and Yorks started in 1399 after Henry II was killed by Henry Bolingbroke  [1]  and left no heirs to the throne. Although Henry V was a capable king and was successful in holding most of France, it was when Henry VI became king when the problems between the families occurred. In 1453 Henry suffered from schizophrenia so Richard of York was declared Protector of the Realm, using his position to arrest Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.  [2]  1455 saw the 1st Battle of Albans, arguably the start of the Wars of the Roses, leading Richard of York to assert his claims to the throne. The Duke and his eldest son Edmond were both killed leaving Edward, Yorks second eldest son, to secure a victory at Mortimers cross and assume the throne as Edward IV. Although at this time Richard wasnt old enough to ha ve a reputation of his own, this is a vital step in his life which determined his future actions. At the age of 9, after Edward became King of England, Richard was given the title Duke of Gloucester. Although this label didnt give any power to the adolescent Duke, it contributes to Richards reputation of being the loyal brother of the King. Evidence of this trustworthy status is that while growing up George, Duke of Clarence, became increasingly annoyed at Edward IV as the King gave the more powerful land to their youngest brother. Clarence demanded the most influential land to be taken away from Richard and to be given to him.  [3]  Clarences demanding behaviour, compared to that of Richards quiet acceptance of the Kings decisions, shows the beginnings of Richards growing allegiance towards his older brother. The land was juggled from being under his control to being given to those the King believed would be beneficial to have on side. As a result of his jealousy Clarence gained Richmond. Pembroke was put under the control of William, Lord Herbert, and by 1464 Richard had lo st all the De Vere estates after they had been restored to John, the 13th Earl of Oxford. Thus showing how Richard was to be seen as exceptionally loyal and trustworthy towards his brother, a complete contrast where Clarence was to prove scheming, ambitious and disloyal  [4]  . Edward IV was forced into exile in 1470 after he quarrelled with his principle supporter, Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick; also know as the powerful Kingmaker. One of the few faithful supporters who joined Edward was Richard. Clarence however joined forces with Warwick against his brothers, most likely wanting to become the King himself. After Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne Clarence rejoined his brothers, contrasting the two characteristics of Richard and Clarence, showing that at this time Richard did deserve his reputation of being a loyal brother. This is proved further as in both battles the teenage Richard of Gloucester commanded the vanguard and fought bravely. Edward rewarded Richards loyalty by making him effectively viceroy of the north.  [5]  Giving Richard the reputation of being a brave trustworthy warrior, who was willing to stand by his fellow brother and king. Richard was entrusted with right wing of the royal host at the Battle of Barnet, and within t hree weeks he again led the vanguard at the Battle of Tewkesbury. In both engagements, Richard acquitted himself well.  [6]  Showing Richard was a skilful warrior and that at this time Richard deserved the reputation of being a loyal trustworthy brother. There is much speculation over how Richard felt after Edward IV found out about the full extent of Clarences involvement in the 1470s rising. There is debate as to whether Richard felt his growing loyalty towards both his brothers and how he felt over Georges end. Mancini reports he was so overcome with grief that he could not hide it. Whereas More, while admitting that in public Richard opposed Clarences killing, is not so sure about the genuine emotion Richard experienced.  [7]  The traditional view of Clarences death is that he was executed by drowning in a barrel of malmsey; this could be true as it is first mentioned by Dominic Mancini in 1483.  [8]  After Richards death the Tudor propagandists used Clarences death as a method to gain support for Henry Tudor. None of the sources before More doubt that Edward IV was solely responsible for the death of Clarence, even if they were in some doubt as to why he was executed. More hints that Richard of Gloucester may have encour aged Edward to execute his brother, but [More] goes no further.  [9]  This helped to destroy Richards reputation of loyalty and turn it into one of an evil, spiteful king who opposed anyone who was in the way, including his own family. As More only hinted to the possible involvement Richard had in his brothers death and sources before this dont state any involvement, Richard doesnt deserve the reputation to the degree the Tudors gave him of being an evil tyrant. There is clear evidence that Richard III had not killed his brother personally, in fact it isnt possible to know if he agreed with the death sentence. Richard III was the only Northern king of medieval England; it was rare for the north to be on the same side as the crown. However, it is mainly due to the north that he had enough support to become king in the first place. Richard initialised a power-base that his northern retainers represented.  [10]  This reputation of being Lord of the North began when he came of age, the maturity where he was more useful to his elder brother, King Edward IV. To achieve this high reputation after coming back from exile in 1471, at aged 19, Richard filled the gap which had been created in the north due to Earl Warwicks defeat. Leaving Richard to be appointed his successor, thus giving Richard Duke of Gloucester the responsibility of the defence of Carlisle and the Cumbrian borders. In order to do this effectively the king also gave him the earls northern lands. Effectively starting Richards assent to having a powerful reputation in the north, the build-up of Richards command was rapid, he quic kly became keeper of the northern forests, chief steward of the duchy of Lancaster in northern England, constable of Bewcastle, justice of the peace in all northern counties, in 1482 lieutenant of the north and commander-in-chief against the Scots and in 1483 hereditary warden of the West March. Showing Richard was a capable leader and that he worked hard to gain the confidence of those around him. Enabling him to be entrusted with the power of the titles he acquired and the authority he was given. Its clear that at this time Richard deserved the reputation of a brave warrior, even his enemies had to agree that he was a skilful and courageous fighter. This is shown where More readily admits that Richard was brave and that he never lost a battle through lack of courage.  [11]   In 1472 Richard married Anne Neville. Again there was rivalry between Richard of Gloucester and George of Clarence, as they both aimed to gain land the two Neville wives were to inherit. The brothers fought, leading to Richard acquiring all Warwicks vast estates north of Trent. This is a contrast to Richards earlier loyalty towards Edward IV. During his time in the north and securing England from the threat of the Scottish in 1481-1483, Richard created around himself a closely knit devoted circle of northern knights and gentlemen, this was known as his Northern affinity. Dominic Mancini wrote in 1483: He kept himself within his own lands and set out to acquire the loyalty of his people through favours and justice. The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers. Such was his renown in warfare that whenever a difficult and dangerous policy had to be undertaken, it would be entrusted to his discretion and his generalship.  [1 2]  Although this defends Richards general loyalty towards those surrounding him, Richard was willing to fight with his brother to achieve his goals, showing that Richard wasnt as loyal to his family members as he was to the king. Just before Edward IVs death in 1483, he named Richard of Gloucester Lord Protector and entrusted his sons, Edward and Richard, to his care. This shows that the King himself didnt believe Richard to be a real threat towards the young princes. However Richard was one of the most powerful men in England, with the king dead and the princes minors, this provided Richard with the opportunity to become king himself. The mystery of the princes in the tower is one of the main causes of debate over Richards real reputation. Richard of Gloucester and the Queen were openly hostile towards each other about the regency needed due to the young age of Edward V. On 29th April, Richard intercepted the royal party before they arrived at London, taking Edward and putting him under his own custody. Although this could have been seen as Richard III looking after his young nephew as his brother had asked, this was later used by Tudor propagandists to damage Richards reputation of being the loyal brother and uncle. He arrested the Lords Rivers and Grey, who were both later executed. Richard pressured the queen into letting the young Richard Duke of York visit and stay with his older brother before his crowning. They were both held in the tower of London, a protected place in royal hands, but which later acquired its deathly reputation. Within six weeks Richard had the princes declared illegitimate and had himself named king. Effectively Richard started the downfall of his reputation, after having a priest preach a se rmon at Pauls cross, claiming Edward IV had had an arranged marriage to another woman before marrying Elizabeth Woodville, making all their children illegitimate. Tales at the time had been circulated that Edwards father was an English archer named Blaybourne. Medieval historian professor Michael Jones has determined through court records that Edwards legal father, Richard, Duke of York, was over 100 miles away from his mother, Lady Cecily, at the time when Edward must have been conceived.  [13]  If this was in fact true then both Edward and his sons had no legal claim to the throne, this would then have passed to the next best suitor who at this time would have been Richard of Gloucester. After the two young princes disappeared, rumours began to circulate that they had both been murdered. Mores belief was that To assure his own security, Richard saw to it that the little princes in the Tower were smothered to death in their sleep  [14]  This is supported by Jeffrey Richards who states that although aware of growing rumours Richard III did nothing to dispel them. If the princes were alive Richard III could easily have showed everyone this by taking them out of the tower. As he did nothing to counteract these rumours this helped spread the reputation of Richard being the evil uncle. Another factor which adds to the growing speculation of Richards involvement in the princes disappearances is that other rumours which circulated, for example the death of his wife, Richard was quick to have them stopped, however as he didnt show any evidence of the young boys being alive this added to suspicion of Richards involvement. A set of bones were found at the Tower of London in 1674, they were buried in Westminster Abbey under orders of King Charles II. The tomb was opened in 1933 and an examination was conducted by Doctor Tanner and Professor Wright, finding they were likely to have been those of the two young boys.  [15]  This however doesnt tell us who killed the princes and the reasons behind their deaths. Richard III has long since been the main suspect for being the wicked uncle, however most of the reports which claim Richard to have been the culprit were Tudor writers, thus leading them to write the worst about Richard to promote Henry VII as being a more just and fair king. However Richard had much to lose by killing his nephews as it would turn the public against him for murdering innocent young children. It could be argued that it wasnt in Richards character to kill his own nephews as he had shown extreme family loyalty and was seen as an ideal knight. Others who might have killed the prince s included Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham,  [16]  who would have gained more power if his cousin, Henry Tudor was King. However in 1502 James Tyrell had been arrested for treason against Henry Tudor and whilst under torture he confessed to the murders of the young princes, although this isnt fact as he didnt speculate as to how or why he killed them, therefore it isnt reliable and cannot be taken as the truth. Richard most likely had a hand in the disappearances of the two princes; even if he didnt kill them personally he would have stood to gain a lot if the two boys were dead. Discontent of not knowing the princes fate sparked a rebellion, Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, launched a revolt against the King. The commons grew angry as they believed Richard murdered the princes, however they were easily taken care of and the Duke was beheaded. He initially intended to be joined by Henry Tudor, the Earl of Richmond, however he had been exiled to France and wasnt able to join the rebellion. Henry Tudor was later joined by Elizabeth Woodville, although she never said that her two sons had been killed, her actions showed that she believed them to be dead, otherwise she wouldnt have joined a potential rival to the crown. Instead of this though the two houses were united through marriage and they started a propaganda campaign to destroy Richards reputation. In 1484 Richards own son, Edward, was confirmed the heir to the throne, however Edward died not long after. Anne Neville, Richards Queen, also died around this time, the Richard III foundation states Richard wept openly at her funeral and shut himself off for three days. portraying Richard as a more vulnerable character than the harsh, murderous villain of Shakespeares play. This only lowered his reputation further as Richard was accused of killing her himself so he could marry his own niece, Elizabeth. However we know this to be a lie as evidence suggests that Anne died of natural causes. By the 17th century hostility towards Richard had died down, mainly because the Tudors reign had finished and was replaced by the Stewarts, who didnt give the same interest of trying to portray Richard as an evil leader. William Cornwallis defended Richards reputation in 1617 in the Essayes of Certain Paradoxes by publishing an anonymous defence thought to have been written in the early sixteenth century as a response to Mores history.  [17]   Sir Thomas Mores picture of Richard was that he was a man little of stature, ill featured of limbs, crook backed, his left shoulder much higher than his right, hard favored of visage . . . he was malicious, wrathful, envious and, from before his birth, ever forward.  [18]  This shows how Richards reputation had been manipulated by the Tudors influential propaganda, helping Henry Tudor be more accepted as the king, appearing less tyrannical than Richard III. More had grown up as a sworn enemy of Richard III being 7 in 1485, his view of Richard are that which he had been taught. Even if Richard wasnt as villainous as he has been made out, he would always have been portrayed in the worst possible way. This had happened to many previous kings as it helped gain support for the new monarch, especially if they had fought their way onto the crown. Hall had also described Richard as small and little of stature, so was he of body greatly deformed, the one shoulder higher than the other, hi s face small, but his countenance was cruel, and such that a man at the first aspect would judge it to savour and smell of malice, fraud and deceit . . .  [19]  this again is just a repeat of Mores words. Shakespeare himself had given Richard III the character of being sick and twisted, giving him a more complex and manipulative personality who was able to feel some form of human remorse for the murders he had committed throughout the play. However the earlier portraits, such as that belonging to the Society of Antiquaries, which although not painted in his lifetime are based on originals that could have been done from life, show no sign of deformity  [20]  , showing more propaganda at the start of the Tudor reign to gain acceptance. Richard, while King, showed himself to be generous and loyal, helping set up a council in the north which stayed in place years still after his death until 1641. He ruled with detailed concern and efficiency.  [21]   Richard III doesnt deserve the reputation of being a tyrannous, power hungry man to the extent portrayed by Tudor writers. Up until 1583 Richard proved himself to be a loyal, trustworthy supporter of the king, as shown through his actions, defending the northern border and helping Edward IV reclaim the throne in 1571. However after the death of his brother, Richards reputation does deserve to be tarnished, just not to the extent of More and Halls views. Many of the murders Richard was accused of committing have evidence to prove he wasnt the cause, including the death of the Prince of Wales and the death of his wife. However after the death of Edward, Richard seized the opportunity to take power, spreading claims of Edwards illegitimacy and most likely responsible for the disappearance of the two princes. Source evaluation I started by reading Charles Rosss Richard III. Initially I believed this was a heavy book to read, with much content and so at first I found it extremely hard to pick out the relevant pieces of information. As I got further into the book, however, I found that I became more interested in Richard III and his actions. This is an important and fairly reliable source, it helped to distinguish much debate and shows how it has been exaggerated over the years. However at the end of this tome I found that Charles Ross had been too sympathetic towards Richards actions, defending his loyal reputation by using excuses of Richards past and horror filled childhood. I found the article The princes in the tower by David Ross to be an extremely valuable source when analysing the mystery created when the two young princes disappeared. It was straightforward and easy to understand. I found it useful when looking at who would have the motive to kill the adolescent boys, ranging from Richard III himself to his enemy Henry Tudor. It helped to analyse how the people felt about the sudden disappearances and how this led to the revolt against Richard. Along with the evidence from Charles Ross book this article gave evidence of bones which had been found in the tower which added to the mystery and to Richard IIIs reputation of being the evil uncle for his own gain. Another article which I found to be useful is Richard, Duke of Gloucester and the North by Michael Hicks. This was a valuable source as it is full of information as to how Richard of Gloucester managed to gain his reputation of being Lord in the North. It also effectively showed how Richards loyalty to his brother King Edward IV helped him to gain this reputation of being a brave warrior in the north who protected England from invasion from Scotland. This helped me to be able to compare Richards earlier reputation to that which he gained nearing the end of his life and after his death. This respectively leads to the article The Riddle of Richard III by Jeffery Richards. This article helped me to compare the reputations I had discovered Richard had gained throughout his lifetime. The article also gave viable source accounts by unrelated people, for example the Italian visitor Dominic Mancini. As he was only a visitor and wasnt on the side of Richard III or his enemy Henry Tudor. Mancinis writings are some of the most valuable to look at for the real reputation of Richard III, during the period of his rise to power. This article also tackles the one sided views of the Tudor writers who tried to denounce Richards reputation, in order to promote Henry Tudor. In the end, I have found that the views of the more recent historians are more accurate that those of earlier writers. As their views on Richard III are not affected by the period they living in, they are not trying to depose previous Kings like that of More and Hall.

Roots of Anti-Semitism Essay -- essays research papers fc

After learning about the Holocaust, I’ve asked myself many times how this could have happened. Why would anyone believe it’s acceptable to massacre an entire people? This is my reasoning for writing my paper on how Christian theology influenced anti-Semitism. Much of the Holocaust appears to have it’s beginning with Christian theology. I will begin my paper with the early writings of Christians and continue chronologically until after World War II. The Apostle Paul was one the first people to criticize the Jewish people. At first, he tried to explain to the Christians not to adopt a superior attitude towards the Jews. IF THE PART OF THE DOUGH OFFERED AS FIRST FRUITS IS HOLY, THEN THE WHOLE BRANCH IS HOLY; AND IF THE ROOT IS HOLY, THEN THE BRANCHES ARE ALSO HOLY†¦DO NOT BOAST OVER THE BRANCHES. IF YOU DO BOAST, REMEMBER THAT IT IS NOT YOU THAT SUPPORT THE ROOT, BUT THE ROOT SUPPORTS YOU. [ROMANS 11] At one point this appeared to be Paul’s feeling towards the Jews and the Christians. His sentiment appeared to change, according to Christian suppressionists. In the text Romans, many of Paul’s statements were misinterpreted by those Christians to make themselves appear more superior to the Jewish people. †¦INCLUDING US WHOM HE HAS CALLED, NOT FROM THE JEWS ONLY BUT ALSO FROM THE GENTILES? AS INDEED HE SAYS IN HOSEA, "THOSE WHO WERE NOT MY PEOPLE I WILL CALL ‘MY PEOPLE,’ AND HER WHO WAS NOT BELOVED I WILL CALL ‘BELOVED.’" "AND IN THE VERY PLACE WHERE IT WAS SAID TO THEM, ‘YOU ARE NOT MY PEOPLE,’ THERE THEY SHALL BE CALLED CHILDREN OF THE LIVING GOD," †¦GENTILES, WHO DID NOT STRIVE FOR RIGHTEOUSNESS, HAVE ATTAINED IT, THAT IS, RIGHTEOUSNESS THROUGH FAITH; BUT ISRAEL, WHO DID STRIVE FOR THE RIGHTEOUSNESS THAT IS BASED ON THE LAW, DID NOT SUCCEED IN FULFILLING THAT LAW†¦ [ROMANS 9] "In proclaiming his Christian message Paul stressed that the Jewish nation had been rejected by God, and the new Covenant had superseded the old," said David Cohn-Sherbok, in his book The Crucified Jew. "In these ways the New Testament laid the foundations for later Christian hostility to the Jewish nation†¦and served as the basis for the early Church’s vilification of the Jews." (Cohn-Sherbok) Another early Christian writing which may have encouraged Jewish hatred is the Gospels of John. Sch... ...ns and the Holocaust. New York: Random House, 1997. Hay, Malcolm. The Roots of Christian Anti-Semitism. New York: Liberty Press, 1981. Hauer, Christian E. and William A. Young. An Introduction To The Bible: A Journey Into Three Worlds. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. "Jewish History." Online. Internet. www.Jewishhistory.org.il/600.htm. Kung, Hans. Judaism: Between Yesterday And Tomorrow. New York: Continuum, 1991. McBrien, Richard P., The Harper Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995. Morris, Charles R.. American Catholic. New York: Times Books, 1997. Rausch, David. A Legacy of Hatred: Why Christians Must Not Forget the Holocaust. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990. "The Great Heresies of Gnosticism and the Revisions of Marcion." Online. Internet. www.bidstrup.com/bible.htm. Walker, Jim. "Martin Luther’s Dirty Little Book: On the Jews and Their Lies." 7 August 1996. Online. Internet. www.nobeliefs.com/luther.htm.

Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives Essay

The Canadian native aboriginals are the original indigenous settlers of North Canada in Canada. They are made up of the Inuit, Metis and the First nation. Through archeological evidence old crow flats seem to the earliest known settlement sites for the aboriginals. Other archeological evidence reveals the following characteristics of the Aboriginal culture: ceremonial architecture, permanent settlement, agriculture and complex social hierarchy. A number of treaties and laws have been enacted amongst the First nation and European immigrants throughout Canada. For instance the Aboriginal self-government right was a step to assimilate them in Canadian society. This allows for a chance to manage cultural, historical, economic, political and healthcare of the indigenous people communitiesCITATION Asc11 p 21 l 1033 ( Asch 21). The aboriginal people of Canada make up 4.3 percent of the total country population. This population is evenly spread amongst recognized 700 first nation bands that have divergent language and culture. The aboriginal population plays a great role in upholding Canada’s cultural heritage. History of Assimilation The history of assimilation of the Canadian Aboriginals trace back to the 18th century when Canada was still under the French rule. The call then was the urge to the Aboriginals to get assimilated into the Canadian culture. The attempts for assimilation climaxed in the early 20th Century that led to the eventual integration of the Aboriginals into the Canadian culture. It is believed that Canada was in violation of the human rights when they forced the aboriginals to get assimilated into a Eurocentric society. â€Å"There were instances of children being forced from homes into Christian schools. CITATION Asc11 p 22 l 1033 ( Asch 22)† This was violation of human rights. Different laws like the Indian Act and other treaties played an outstanding role in shaping Aboriginal relationship in Canada. The Indian Act led to a huge conflict of interest following its effect on the Indians living in Canada during its implementation. The Indian Act was a mechanism that strengthened the eviction of Indians ad also a means of displacing Indians from their tribal lands. On the onset of the 19th Century, land hungry Canadian settlers clustered in the coastal south of Canada and slowly moved into the neighboring statesCITATION Ngu11 p 238 l 1033 (Nguyen 238). Since most of the tribes occupying that area were the Indians, the Canadian settlers petitioned the Canadian government to remove them as they perceived them as an obstacle to expansion towards the west. The rationale for the Indian Act was that the southeast Indian tribes had no attachment to any particular land. However, this rationale ignored the fact the Indian tribes had vast crops of corn and lived in set tlements. Those who benefited from the Indian Act are the Canadian settlers who had immense hunger for Indian land. The Canadian Settler lured the Indian tribes into signing the treaty by guaranteeing them peace and integrity within the Indian territories. They primarily assured them that their lucrative fur trade would continue without any interruption. This in return improved Canada economy as it gave Canadian settlers access to southern lams that were rich in cotton. In addition, it also boosted Canada and global economy as it accelerated the industrial revolution. Canada was able to pay back its debts to its global partners through the improved efficiencies in cotton production and transportation for the large country. In general, Canadian citizens gained through improved living conditionsCITATION Not94 p 78 l 1033 (Notzke 78). There were many problems with the Indian Act. The treaty had many flaws and was based on indigenous foundations. Consequently, as the aboriginals lost their land, so did Canada lose its native culture? There was a substantial increase in slavery due to increased crop production and introduction of slave states occupied by aboriginals. The Act allowed the government to control most aspects of Native American life: resources, land, band administration and education. This treaty was based on the argument that Indians were stereotypes, barbaric, hostile and wandering people. The Act was a tragedy that caused thousands of aboriginals to leave behind their homes, crops and livestock and homes that had spiritual significance to them. This act spelt the end of aboriginal rights to live in Canada under their own traditional laws. The aboriginals were forced to concede and assimilate the law of Canada or leave their native lands. Forced to move out of their homelands, the aboriginals ended up in Oklahoma. Any attempts by the Indians to file for petitions turned futile as none of the courts ruled in their favor. The Government sent troops to force them out without giving them a chance to gather their belongings. The Canadian settlers tricked the Native Americans out of their land with false promises that they would live on their land in exchange for protected ownership of the remaining landCITATION Asc11 p 43 l 1033 ( Asch 43). Aboriginal Issues The forcefully introduction of the Western culture to the aboriginal people led to a cycle of physical, social and economic destruction of these people. Some of these issues include poverty and spiritual destruction as seen in modern day. The root cause of poverty amongst the Aboriginals started in as soon as they were relocated from their native land. The distribution of wealth among individuals in the world clearly shows the looming inequality with some people at the top of the income economy structure while some at the bottom. This translates into poor health, poverty, low levels of education, starvation and reduced levels of life expectancies. As soon as they left the reserves for the urban centers the aboriginal people were met with a new type of discrimination of racism that alienated them further hence condemning them to poverty levelsCITATION Fri02 p 29 l 1033 (Friesen and Friesen 29). â€Å"Statistical evidence show that half of the Aboriginal populis in Canada live below p overty†CITATION You06 p 83 l 1033 ( Young, Herring and Waldram 83). However there have been tremendous efforts by the Canadian public who have offered help to the growing Aboriginal people through initiatives that are meant to remove them from poverty Healthcare The arrival of the European settlers into Canada brought several foreign diseases that had a devastating effect on the Aboriginal people. Due the traditional society setting of the Aboriginal people healthcare was left for those who were felt to be deserving the chance the White settlers. The aboriginal medicine was way inferior to the newly developed medicine. With the growing racism in Canada the aboriginals lacked access to the requisite health that they needed. Federal and jurisdictional disputes have denied the Aboriginal people the necessary access to health care. There have been several reported incidences of infectious diseases that spread fast amongst the Aboriginal people. Employment The white settlement into the native’s lands resulted in the Aboriginals having a feeling of distrust and hate towards the white settlers. The white settlers on the other hand treated the Aboriginals with some kind of distrust and loathe and hence could not trust them with job opportunities. This resulted in an increased rate of unemployment amongst the Aboriginals. The increasing case of poor health was also contributory to the unemployment levels of Aboriginals. â€Å"From a 2001 Canadian statistic record, it revealed that the chances of Aboriginal youth getting employment opportunities was twice low in comparison to other Canadian youths†CITATION You06 p 173 l 1033 ( Young, Herring and Waldram 173). This highlights the plight of the aboriginal youths as regards to availability of employment opportunities for them. Community Problems Lack of Awareness on the disease and its effects on the lives of Aboriginals are the leading causes of the high rate of disease amongst Aboriginals. As a result of this, there have been numerous large scale campaigns raising awareness on this. The Canadian government’s vision is to discuss healthcare countrywide through the media. The lack of trust of the system and how it works is also contributory to woes the aboriginal people face. They do not trust the judicial system and the employment sector this leads to them falling as victims of the system. The distribution of wealth among individuals in the world clearly shows the looming inequality with some people at the top of the income economy structure while some at the bottomCITATION Ngu11 p 230 l 1033 (Nguyen 230). This translates into poor health, poverty, low levels of education, starvation and reduced levels of life expectancies. As soon as they left the reserves for the urban centers the aboriginal people were met with a new type of discrimination of racism that alienated them further hence condemning them to poverty levels. Conclusion It is critical for the Canadian government to step up its efforts in an endeavor of saving the aboriginal communities from extinction. Given their rich cultural background they could contribute positively to the economy in form of tourism. References Asch, Michael. Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada. UBC Press, 2011. Young, T Kue, Ann Herring and James Burgess Waldram. Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. University of Toronto Press, 2006 . Cook, Eung-Do and Darin Flynn. â€Å"Aboriginal Languages in Canada.† Contemporary Linguistic Analysis (2008): 318-333. Friesen, Virginia and John W Friesen. Aboriginal Education in Canada: A Plea for Integration. Brush Education, 2002. Nguyen , Mai. â€Å"Closing the Education Gap: A Case for Aboriginal Early Childhood Education in Canada, A Look at the Aboriginal Headstart Program.† CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION (2011): 229-248. Notzke, Claudia. Aboriginal Peoples and Natural Resources in Canada. Captus Press, 1994. Source document

Sumerian Language

Sumerians Contribution Have you ever thought of where math, writing, and governments were invented? The Sumerians invented math, science, writing, and astronomy. The Sumerians were the first civilization on earth. Around 4,000 B. C. E the people called Sumerians moved into Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. The Sumerians built massive city walls, Ziggurats (similar to pyramids but used for worshipping), canals, etc. Many people don’t know about how greatly the Sumerians have contributed to our society.Looking at math, writing, and governments we will see how the Sumerians have influenced today’s society. First of all, Sumerians were the first to invent math. The Sumerians used a â€Å"sexagesimal system,† which basically means that everything based on the number 60 (Krupp). The mathematician Duncan J. Melville from St. Lawrence University said that â€Å"the system is striking for its originality and simplicity. â₠¬  The reasons why the Sumerians picked 60 as their base remains unknown; however, the idea was developed from an earlier, â€Å"More complex system known from 3200 B. C. n which the positions in a number alternated between 6 and 10 as bases. For a system that might seem even more deranged, if it weren’t so familiar, consider this way of measuring length with four entirely different bases: 12 little units, called inches, make a foot, 3 feet make a yard, and 1,760 yards make a mile. Over a thousand years, the Sumerian alternating-base method was simplified into the sexagesimal system, with the same symbol standing for 1 or 60 or 3,600, depending on its place in the number, [†¦] just as 1 in the decimal system denotes 1, 10 or 100, depending on its place† (Wade).Then later on Babylonians adopted the system and used it to calculate time: the â€Å"1:12:33† on a computer clock means 1 (x 60 squared) seconds + 12 (x 60) seconds + 33 seconds, which we still use today. This is the reason why modern day civilization measures an hour in 60 minutes and 1 minute in 60 seconds. The sexagesimal system enabled the Sumerians to calculate roots, multiply into millions, and use fractions. Modern-day math still uses aspects of this system (Wade).Next, according to the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, writing emerged in many different cultures throughout the ancient world, it wasn’t the creation of one people; however, the Sumerians are credited with inventing the earliest form of writing around 3,500 B. C. E. The Sumerians writings on stone tablets started off as just simple pictures and pictograms that represented objects or ideas (see Figure 1). Soon after the Sumerians simplified the pictograms into wedge-shaped signs which is called cuneiform writing (â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing†). The invention of writing was the dawn of the information revolution. This great technological advance allowed news and ideas to be carried to distant places without having to rely on a messenger's memory. Like all inventions, writing emerged because there was a need for it. In Mesopotamia, it was developed as a record-keeping vehicle for commercial transactions or administrative procedures. There are also texts that served as â€Å"copy books† for the education of future scribes.Eventually, cuneiform script was used to produce some of the greatest literary works in recorded history† (â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing†). We got the alphabet that we used today because after the Sumerians in Mesopotamia started writing, it spread to Egypt, and by 1500 B. C. E. it spread to China, and from then on people were â€Å"scribbling, sketching, and telling [the] world about their culture in a very permanent way† (Whipps). As writing spread, people developed their own styles, forms, and way of writing.Another invention that we still use today is government. I le arned from studying world history that the Sumerians needed a way to maintain order, organize work forces, and keep crimes from happening because Mesopotamia was a very large city with many artifacts and valuables. The Sumerians were able to build large defensive walls, roads, canals, ditches, and dikes that ran throughout Mesopotamia because of the organized labor, which was possible because they had a government. â€Å"Now, government is what keeps the world from becoming a place of anarchy and chaos† (â€Å"government†).Government affects us now because we elect officials that represent out beliefs on how the United States should be run. America would be nothing without a government. We can thank the Sumerians because with a government America is a superpower and prosperous (â€Å"government†). In conclusion, without the inventions of math, writing, government, and many more we would have a chaotic world. Sumerians invented arithmetic, a number system, cuneif orm writing that many have adopted and changed, and a government to keep the Empire together.Without the inventions of the Sumerians we would be set back a couple thousand years today. Citations â€Å"Ancient Mesopotamia: The Invention of Writing. †Ã‚  The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. N. p.. Web. 13 Dec 2012. ;http://oi. uchicago. edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing. html;. â€Å"Government. †Ã‚  The World History Hall of Fame. N. p.. Web. 13 Dec 2012. ;http://worldhistoryfame. tripod. com/id8. html;. Krupp, E. C. â€Å"Going Like Sixty. †Ã‚  Sky ; Telescope. 2007: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? [email  protected];vid=1;hid=28;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Wade, Nicholas. â€Å"An Exhibition That Gets to the (Square) Root of Sumerian Math. †Ã‚  New York Times. 22 2010: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. nytimes. com/2010/11/23/science/23babylon. html? _r=0;. Whipps, Heather. â€Å"How Writing Changed the World. â€Å"LiveScience. 10 2008: n. page. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ;http://www. livescience. com/2283-writing-changed-world. html;. Figure 1: Sumerian Tablets With Semi-Pictographic Writing

Causes of Unemployment in Cambodia Essays

Causes of Unemployment in Cambodia Essays Causes of Unemployment in Cambodia Essay Causes of Unemployment in Cambodia Essay Name : SOK PANHA Class : A606 Sex : Male Home Works (Essay writing) -roptc: MY FAVORITE PLACE 0Brainstorms 0 Beautiful 0 Attractive 0 Good environment, natural air 0 Many visitors and tourists 0 Famous 0 Khmers heritage 0 Quality of stone 0 An old age 0 Have to many tourism 0 Natural air, and good environment 0 Mixed of nation visited there 0 Locate in Siem Reap province, Cambodia 0 Have good design 0 Meaning on the walls 0 The best place of Cambodia 0 The best well-known in the world Scores 0 Essay outline Introduction A. Hook: I am not a good visitor B. Connecting information: I used to visit anywhere on only my vocation C. Thesis: I have only one place that I favorite in Body A. My favorite place is very interesting, and everyone are interested. 0 Attractive 0 Too many tourism 0 Many student around the world have been studying about it. B. Angkor Wat is one 0T tne Dest wonaerTul temple In tne world Cambodia U It Is one 0T tne oldest temple In 0 The best design (beautiful, good looking, and long life) 0 The statues seem still alive C. The Angkor Wat is the best place in Cambodia o Its the heart of Cambodians people It make income from many factors Conclusion A. Restate my favorite place B. The next Khmers generation should be take care our temple from now on and forever more My Favorite Place I am not a good visitor, yet Im very busy with my study that I have to study two major at the same time in full of the day. I can anywhere on only my vocation. Before I decide to go any places, I have to think about it very clearly. All of my previous vocation I had visited a several places, but I have only one place that I favorite in, and it is the best place of my visiting. My favorite place is very interesting one, and everyone are very interested it. There are too many tourism had and wanted visited there. From day to day, there have many student around the world who have been studying about it. Since I grew up I have never see the place that its really attractive like this. Angkor Wat temple is one of the best wonderful temple in the world. It is one of the oldest temple among the temple in Cambodia. This temple is located in Siem Reap province, Kingdom of Cambodia. The Angkor Wat temple is an interesting one for me. It is so beautiful, looking good and long life. Not only, on the walls around it, there are the best design of our Khmers ancient in the last thousand years. When we look at the statues that stand for protect it, its seem still alive. Behind the picture on the walls is the Khmer empires story in that time. Im really favorite it. Angkor Wat temple is the best place in Cambodia. All Cambodians people think that it is the heart of our country. If we talk about income of this temple, there were about one billion dollars of each years. All these income are come from many factor especially the international tourist and national tourism also, include the other service such as, from the airport income, hotel, and restaurant, etc. The people who live around there can make their own business, sells some product, to be a tour guide or any services, to get the money from the visitors. In conclusion, my favorite place is Angkor Wat temple, which is the best well-known, and the best design of Khmer empire. I like this place so much, and I hope that the next generation will be take care this temple from now on and forever more.